The whole pipeline

Five levels at which value leaves the public account. This project examines the second and third in depth; the remainder are mapped so that the picture is complete.

Level 1 — Contract and procurement skimming

Documented elsewhere

Level 2 — The auction spread

In scope

Level 3 — Fictitious trade and transfer abroad

In scope

Level 4 — Payroll and ghost employment

Documented elsewhere

Level 5 — Political protection and impunity

Documented elsewhere